Downward counterfactuals typically have what effect on mood?

• A. They make you feel better
• B. They make you feel worse
• C. They have no effect
• D. They are always dangerous

Answer: (A)

Downward counterfactuals improve mood because they picture outcomes worse than what actually happened, which makes the real result feel like a relative relief. By comparing the current outcome to a more negative possibility, you create a sense that things could have been far worse, and that relief boosts positive feelings or reduces disappointment. For example, after a setback you might think, “It could have been much worse,” which helps you feel steadier and more hopeful, rather than overwhelmed by what happened. This is different from upward counterfactuals, which imagine better outcomes and tend to amplify regret or frustration. So the typical mood effect is a lift in mood.