How is a cognitive bias best defined?

• A. Bias makes you think non-rationally
• B. Bias is a conscious rule of logic
• C. Bias is a universal morality principle
• D. Bias only affects memory

Answer: (A)

Cognitive bias is a systematic tendency to deviate from rational judgment, shaped by quick mental shortcuts (heuristics), emotions, and social influences. This leads to thinking that is non-rational or biased rather than following strict logical rules. It isn’t a conscious rule of logic you deliberately apply, and it isn’t a universal morality principle. Plus, bias isn’t limited to memory—it can distort perception, memory, and decision-making alike. For example, anchoring can cause you to rely too heavily on an initial piece of information when making later judgments.