What does punishment mean?

• A. To make something less likely.
• B. To make something more likely.
• C. To observe without intervention.
• D. To explain a concept.

Answer: (A)

Punishment in behavior theory is a consequence that reduces the likelihood that a behavior will occur again. It’s the opposite of reinforcement, which makes a behavior more likely. So the statement that best fits is that punishment makes something less likely. There are two forms: positive punishment adds an aversive stimulus after the behavior, and negative punishment removes a desired stimulus. The other options describe reinforcement (increasing likelihood), simply observing without intervening, or explaining a concept, none of which are punishment.