What does 'Tribalism' describe in the expanding circle framework?

• A. Caring for all groups equally
• B. Caring for in-group but not out-group
• C. Caring for out-group but not in-group
• D. Caring only for kin

Answer: (B)

Tribalism describes prioritizing the in-group’s welfare over outsiders within the expanding circle framework. In this view, moral concern tends to stay with a defined group—family, clan, tribe, or nation—and care for members outside that group is limited or unavailable. The expanding circle shows how our concern can broaden, but tribalism keeps it centered on “us,” often biasing against outsiders. That’s why caring for the in-group but not the out-group best captures tribalism. Universal care would treat all groups equally, while caring for the out-group would invert the bias, and caring only for kin is a narrower form of in-group care.